英語学研究(2)A 発表レジュメ (H23-7-12)
3.9 Dialogue in drama | ||
I. Several important differences between actual spoken speech and | I. 実際の会話とドラマなど脚本化された会話との重要な違い | |
the written speech that is intended to imitate it. | ||
通常の会話との違い | ||
1. Someone else has usually written the words are spoken, unlike in normal conversation where the speakers are the authors of their own words. | 1.他人の書いたことばをしゃべる。 | |
2. In conversation we can take an active part, whereas with scripted speech we are onlookers who see and hear but do not engage directly with the speakers, although we may be appealed to in a way that invites response. | 2.話し手に対して直接関わることなく、いわば傍観者の立場になる。もっとも相手の反応を引き出すように訴えるが・・・。 | |
Scripted speech implies an audience in much the same way as any other form of written language, and this has implications for the pace at which something is spoken, its phrasing and degree of implication. | すなわち、ドラマの発話は他の書かれたものと全く同様、観客(読み手)を意識しており、何かが話されるペースとかそのフレーズとか含意の範囲といったものに影響を持つ。 | |
3. Scripted speech is written in advance of being spoken and can be edited, unlike everyday conversation. | 3.脚本の会話は前もって書かれ、編集されている。 | |
4. In conversation, while we usually take it in turns to speak often we interrupt before someone has finished their turn, whereas in scripted speech this does not normally happen. | 4.相手側が話している途中に割り込みを入れることはあまりない。 | |
5. Scripted speech cannot assume a shared understanding on the part of the listeners. | 5.話し手が聞き手の状況を知っているとは前提できない。 | |
For example in the scripts of long-running soap operas or series such as Coranation Street, Neighbours, Friends and the Simpsons, the characters nearly always refer to one another by name and explain details of events so that viewers new to the programme or who have not watched it for a while can pick up the thread of the story. In spontaneous conversation names and details are usually taken for granted. | 例えば、連続もののテレビドラマでは、視聴者の便宜を考慮して、話題になっている人物や出来事の説明を話し手がいちいち喋ることがある。日常の会話では相手が分かっていることはほとんど省略する。 | |
6. Scripted speech also tends to be more organized as it operates within a narrative structure. It is usually about one particular thing, event or person at a time, whereas spontaneous speech can hop from one topic to another and back again in a seemingly haphazard way. | 6.ドラマの会話は特定の物語に沿って展開されていき、話題が無計画に展開することはない。 | |
7. Scripted speech rarely has the normal features of spontaneous conversation, such as repetition, restructuring and fillers. | 7.通常会話によくある繰り返しや言い直し、あるいはフィラー(つなぎ語)は稀である。 | |
8.The writers of scripted speech normally have control over both the content of what they write and how it is to be spoken. The people who speak the words can add meaning to them through tone of voice, expressions, gestures and so on, but they do not create the words. Scripted speech therefore has two audiences: the actors or people who are to do the talking, and the people who are watching them. | 8.ドラマの脚本家が通常、脚本の内容とその喋り方をコントロールし、舞台俳優は書かれたことばを喋るだけで、声の調子や顔の表情、ジェスチャーなどでことばに意味づけを加えるに止まる。その意味でドラマの脚本には二つの観客、舞台俳優と彼らの芝居をみる観客がいることになる。 | |
9. Scripted dialogue has to convey to the viewer or listener all the things that are normally provided by the narrative in writing. All the information about characters' personalities, behaviour and actions comes from the words the actors say, how they say them and the emotions they convey. | 9.ドラマの脚本では、ナラティーブの場合に通常話し手が視聴者に提供するすべてのものを、会話だけで伝達しなければならない。登場人物の個性や行動についての全情報は、俳優たちが喋ることばから、どういう風に喋るか、どういう風な感情を込めて伝えるか、から出てくる。 | |
II. The notion of context | II.Context(状況) の概念 | |
1. Physical context: this refers to the actual setting. | 1.物質的な状況すなわち実際の背景。 | |
2. Personal context: this refers to the social and personal relationships of the participants, including social networks and group networks as well as the social status of and the distance between the participants. | 2.個人的な状況すなわち参加者たちの社会的地位や参加者間の親密度ならびに社会的ネットワークやグループ・ネットワークをはじめとした、社会的・個人的関係。 | |
3. Cognitive context: this refers to the background knowledge shared by the participants, their world view, cultural knowledge and past experiences. | 3.認知的な状況すなわち参加者たちによって共有されてるバックグラウンド知識や世界観、文化的知識および過去の経験。 | |
with drama there is also an interactive context and an imaginary or creative aspect. | ドラマの場合はこれに加えて次の二つの状況が加わる。 | |
4. Interactive context: what we as the audience make of the unfolding dialogue and the extent to which it accords with our world views, cultural knowledge and past experiences. | 4.相互作用的な状況すなわちわれわれ観客がドラマで展開される会話からどんなものを作り上げるか、それがわれわれの世界観、文化知識および過去の経験とどの程度一致するか。 | |
5. Imaginary or creative aspect: The actors on the stage and the audience engage in the creation of a shared world. This requires us to move beyond what we can see in front of us - a stage with people on it - and be drawn into a world that is entirely imaginary. | 5.想像的あるいは創造的な側面。舞台上の俳優たちと観客はひとつの共有の世界を創出する。これによってわれわれ観客は舞台上に展開するものを越えてまったくの想像の世界へと引き込まれていく。 | |
Deixis plays an important part here, since it serves not only to bind the text together but also to incorporate elements of the world beyond the stage that do not actually exist but we invited to believe in as they have a direct bearing on the action being played out on stage. | この場合、ダイクシス(直示)が重要な役割を担う。それはテキスト間を結びつけるだけでなく、舞台上に存在しないものを舞台で演じられているものに関連するものとして観衆に思い込むよう仕向ける。 | |
Example:at the beginning of Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice. (Act I Scene I) | 例:シェークスピア『ベニスの商人』第1幕第1場 | |
Thou know'st that all my fortunes are at sea;, | ||
Neither have I money, nor commodity | ||
To raise a present sum: … | ||
III. Various analysises of dialogue in drama | III. いろいろなドラマのおける会話分析 | |
Burton (1980): | Burton の分析 | |
Dialogue and Discourse: A Sociolinguistic Approach to Modern Drama Dialogue and Naturally Occurring Conversation | ||
She uses a variety of models from conversation analysis and speech act theory to uncover patterns of dialogue that serve to delineate characters in the text of plays. | 会話分析や言語行為理論のいろいろなモデルを使ってドラマの会話を分析し、そのパターンを明らかにして登場人物の性格を描くのに役立させた。 | |
A structural analysis of dialogue can be conducted, based on exchanges such as questions and answers, statement and acknowledgements, commands and requests and so on. | すなわち、ドラマの会話も一般会話と同様、質問と回答、言明と承認、命令と依頼などといった発話の交換に基づいて構造的な分析が可能である。 | |
Example: Pinter's The Dumb Waiter | 例:Pinter の"The Dumb Waiter" | |
the unequal status of the characters in reflected in the dialogue. | ||
Jonathan Culpeper (2001): | Culpeper の分析 | |
He has applied stylistic and pragmatic models of discourse to Shakespeare's plays. He uses models drawn from social psychology and ideas from cognitive linguistics to argue his case. | シェークスピアの演劇に文体論と語用論のモデルを適用し、社会心理学から引き出したモデルや認知言語学のアイデアを理論構築に使った。 | |
He points out that inferring someone's character from dialogue, or indeed any text, relies in part on the cognitive structures and inferential mechanisms that the audience or reader has already developed for real-life people. Consequently the measure of success of a characterization is not how life-like it is but how closely it resembles our own understanding of the particular character being portrayed. | Culpeper によると、ドラマなどのテキストに書かれた会話から登場人物の性格を推し量るには、幾分かは、観客あるいは読者が実存の人間としてすでに培ってきた認知構造や推量メカニズムに依存している。したがって性格化が上手く行っているかどうかの尺度は、「人物がいかにリアルであるか」ではなく、「その描かれた人物がわれわれ観客自身の理解しているものにどれほどよく似ているか」だ。 | |
Strategic analysis: | 戦略分析 | |
Strategic analysis considers the way in which speaker's communicative strategies are sensitive to context, employing utterances that range from direct to indirect and from polite to impolite. | 話し手が会話において相手に自分の言いたいことをうまく伝えるために用いる、直接から間接まで、丁寧から無作法までの戦略的発話方法を分析するもの。 | |
Dialogue that is designed to violate our understanding of such strategies, such as that in the Theatre of the Absurd, for example, is often made deviant, antirealist or simply absurd in order to reinforce the play's central concern: the futility of human existence. | 例えば、非条理劇では、人間存在の無意味さを強調するために、こういった戦略的発話のルールをわざと無視した会話が作り出される。 | |
In some plays, however, violation is used to provide contrast between the world of the sane and the insane. | また別の演劇では、このルール違反が、正気と狂気の世界のコントラストをかもし出すために利用される。 | |
Example: | 例:Peter Shaffer の"Equus" | |
Peter Shaffer's play Equus |